This article reflects on my life as a woman with a hearing impairment who lives in a predominantly auditory world. My journey with hearing loss, stemming from Miller syndrome – a rare condition affecting hearing, facial features and limb abnormalities (Van Roey et al.
Hanri was born on 29 July 1991, at 19:30 in Unitas Hospital, Pretoria, via a caesarean section. At the time, we lived in Groblersdal, which only had a provincial hospital. I was working as a registered nurse in Pretoria until I went on maternity leave. During the operation, I was under anaesthesia, and when I woke up, my husband was sitting by my bedside. The first thing I asked was what she looked like. He gently told me that there were a few complications – her fingers were fused together (syndactyly), and her lower jaw appeared slightly shorter than usual. The doctors assured us these features could be corrected with surgery.
Weighing just 2.64 kg, Hanri was very small. The first 30 days of her life were spent in the neonatal Intensive Care Unit (ICU), where she faced multiple challenges, including difficulties with feeding because of her inability to coordinate sucking, swallowing, and breathing. A feeding tube was necessary, and she developed pneumonia from milk aspiration while bottle-feeding. Despite these difficulties, she showed incredible resilience.
When Hanri was just 10 days old, we visited the Oral and Maxillofacial Department at the old Hendrik Verwoerd Hospital, Pretoria, to see Professor Kurt Bütow, who became a trusted point of contact on our medical journey. We also met with Professor Gericke at the Genetics Department, where Hanri was diagnosed with Miller syndrome – a rare condition affecting facial and limb development, which occurs in approximately 1 per 1 000 000 live births (Young & Ng
At the time, Hanri was the only person in South Africa diagnosed with this syndrome, based on the available information in a reference book, as there was no Google in 1991. Miller syndrome is caused by mutations in the Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH) gene, which encodes the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, located on chromosome 16 (Kinoshita et al.
Growing up with a rare disability and hearing loss meant facing the everyday reality of being stared at, ridiculed by peers and struggling with communication barriers. Although these challenges were a normal part of my life, they made navigating the world particularly difficult and isolating. However, they also fuelled my determination to persevere and achieve my dreams, profoundly shaping my personal, professional and academic experiences.
From the age of 4 months, various hearing aids were suggested and fitted to address my profound hearing loss. Initially, I was fitted with a bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA), which is placed beside the ear and transmits sound through bone conduction (Galea
One memorable instance during a fitting with my Phonak Naida hearing aids involved hearing an unusual whooshing sound. After checking all settings and turning off various devices in the room, we discovered it was simply the air conditioner – a sound I had never heard before. This experience highlighted how different hearing aids can reveal new auditory experiences, like birds singing, alarms ringing or aeroplanes flying overhead. Despite these advancements, the challenges of being hard-of-hearing have consistently shaped both my personal and professional life.
During my educational journey, I attended Sonitus School for the Hard-of-Hearing, a specialised school tailored to children with hearing loss situated in Pretoria, South Africa. Later, I transitioned to a mainstream high school, Wonderboom High School in Pretoria, where I graduated with two distinctions. The move to the mainstream school was prompted by the limited subject choices available at the specialised school, and I sought broader opportunities for my future academic pursuits.
After high school, unsure of my next steps, I decided to take a gap year and pursue an opportunity to au pair. Although I met all the initial requirements and was approved in the first stage of the application process, my application was ultimately denied by the company because of my hearing loss. This setback underscored the persistent barriers faced by individuals with disabilities and hearing loss, influencing my subsequent decisions and aspirations.
Despite these setbacks, I pursued a Bachelor of Arts and Honours in Communication Studies at North-West University in Potchefstroom, moving away from home to live in a hostel, which presented its own set of challenges. After completing my studies, I struggled to find employment and faced discrimination not only because of my disability but also as a woman in a male-dominated industry. My aspiration to work on cruise ships was thwarted because of my hearing loss, despite passing all required tests. Nevertheless, I secured a position at Blixem Productions while simultaneously pursuing a Master’s degree in Communication Studies which I obtained cum laude. While working in the South African television and film industry, I became acutely aware of the lack of accessibility for viewers with hearing loss in the South African television industry. This insight motivated me to pursue a PhD focusing on captioning practices in television by focusing on one of the languages available in multicultural South Africa, namely Afrikaans, with the goal of advocating for greater inclusivity and accessibility within the media landscape. After four challenging years of hard work, I am proud to have achieved a PhD in Drama and Film Studies (Kriel
My journey, both academically and professionally, highlights the intricate connection between personal experiences and academic pursuits. The challenges faced in the industry, where my impairment was deemed a hindrance, shaped my research questions, and fuelled my commitment to improving accessibility not only for Afrikaans individuals with hearing loss but also the overall television industry.
My study investigated available captioning practices in Afrikaans, proposing a standardised solution for all viewers in all languages, and highlighting the function of captions in society. Captions are the on-screen display of text that was said during the on-screen dialogue and showcasing the sound effects (Zárate
As a viewer with hearing loss, engaging with various soap operas and films presents unique challenges. The fast-paced dialogue, intricate plot developments, quick camera movements, off-screen narratives, reading and listening simultaneously, synchronisation, and background noise can often make it difficult to fully grasp the narrative. Watching a soap opera, a genre known for its dramatic intensity and complex character interactions, becomes a nuanced experience for those with hearing loss. Other challenges for viewers with hearing loss include subtitling inconsistencies, limited programming with subtitles and captions, the absence of standardised captioning practices as not all programmes have subtitles, and thereafter not have captions.
This article emerges from a dual perspective as both a viewer and an industry professional, to emphasise the need for inclusivity in media. By sharing my journey with hearing loss, I advocate for a more accessible television industry, one that caters to the diverse needs of viewers with hearing loss. Accessibility goes beyond entertainment; it touches on fundamental rights, on allowing everyone to enjoy what many takes for granted.
Television and social media in general have become established as a significant part of life in contemporary society. The absence of readily available captions in one’s home language is a significant barrier, affecting not only content enjoyment but social inclusion for a wide variety of individuals. As technology advances, the need for accessible media becomes even more urgent to support inclusion in both online spaces and everyday media consumption.
Reflecting on my personal and professional experiences, I realise how they have influenced my academic journey. I hope that by sharing part of my story, I may, in some modest way, encourage the South African television industry to prioritise accessibility for all, thus embracing the diverse linguistic and cultural fabric of our society. By breaking the existent barriers, we can create a more inclusive media landscape that transcends language and cultural boundaries. Over time, this effort will ensure that all 12 South African languages become accessible through captions, fostering a sense of belonging and ensuring that everyone in South Africa – regardless of whether they use South African Sign Language (SASL) or spoken language – can fully engage with media content.
This article is based on research originally conducted as part of Hanri Kriel’s doctoral thesis titled ‘The accommodation of viewers with hearing loss in the contemporary Afrikaans television industry’, submitted to the Department of Drama, School of Arts, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pretoria in 2024. The thesis was supervised by Prof. M. Munro and Prof. M-H. Coetzee. The supervisors were not involved in the preparation of this manuscript and were not listed as co-authors. The manuscript has since been revised and adapted for journal publication. The author confirms that the content has not been previously published or disseminated and complies with ethical standards for original publication.
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.
Hanri Kriel: Conceptualisation, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Visualisation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Maria M. Kriel-Kruger: Writing – original draft. All authors reviewed the article, contributed to the discussion of results, approved the final version for submission and publication and take responsibility for the integrity of its findings.
This article followed all ethical standards for research without direct contact with human or animal subjects.
The authors declare that all data that support this research article and findings are available in the article and its references.
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and are the product of professional research. They do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any affiliated institution, funder, agency or that of the publisher. The authors are responsible for this article’s results, findings and content.